HMGB1 and infectious disease: After binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) or toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), HMGB1 activates vascular endothelial cells and macrophages/monocytes and T regulation (Treg) to express proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules such as some infectious diseases [[77], [78], [79]] and pregnancy [80] and preeclampsia state [81].