Recently, one study discovered that HIV-1 infection triggers the release of LysRS from the MSC via a specific phosphorylation of S207 in LysRS; the released LysRS partially translocates into the nucleus, and blocking this pathway by the addition of a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor in HIV-1-producing cells results in less infectious progeny virions [45]. Here, KARS1 is linked to HIV-1 infection.