TNF and Sepsis: In sepsis, similar to COVID-19, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) [10] are released, followed by a rise in the levels of acute-phase proteins such as procalcitonin, calprotectin, pro-adrenomedullin, pentraxin-3, and C-reactive protein (CRP) [11].