Experiments in a mouse model of pyelonephritis showed that animals continuously treated with a P2X7 receptor antagonist or lacking P2X7 receptors were protected against renal fibrosis after pyelonephritis with HlyA-producing E. coli, most likely due to reduced macrophage infiltration in the kidneys of P2X7-deficient mice [365]. Here, P2RX7 is linked to pyelonephritis.