Because the most significant risk factors for HCC development are infections with HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) [2], this study compared phosphorylated CaMKII levels in paired tumor and non-tumor liver biopsy specimens from twelve patients with HBV-associated HCC, who had serum HBV DNA concentrations of 6,400,000; 287,000; 939,000; 3990; 0; 48; 0; 85,800; 287; 41,200; 0; and 0 IU/mL, respectively. Here, CAMK2G is linked to infection.