MAPK3 and inflammatory bowel disease: Among pro-inflammatory pathways, we investigated ERK1/2 and mTOR, as the first one has been demonstrated to be involved in several inflammatory disorders, such as psoriatic arthritis (PsA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and IBD [15,50,51], while mTOR was reported to be constitutively activated in active celiac disease (ACD) as well as IBD [13,52].