CCL2 and atrial fibrillation: AF-MSCs secrete MCP-1, IL-8, IL-6, EGF, SDF-1 and VEGF into the conditioned medium to exert its action, which plays a vital role in angiogenesis [157] MCP and IL-6 secreted by AF-MSCs help in immune modulation [158] Even though cells derived from AF are used along with other regenerative molecules in clinical practice for alopecia, not many randomized blinded clinical studies are available to support the use of AF-MSCs in particular.