BDNF and Alzheimer disease: Preclinical data have shown that low doses of mitochondrial uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) can protect neurons and improve functional outcome in animal models of AD and PD, as well as epilepsy, and cerebral ischemic stroke by stimulating stress-response signaling pathways in neurons including those involving BDNF, the transcription factor cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and autophagy [80].