HMGB1 and infection: A recent report of HMGB1 in schistosome-induced liver fibrosis found that serum levels and relative mRNA expression of HMGB1 were significantly higher in the livers of the S. japonicum/S. mansoni-infection group, while the expression levels of the pro-inflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines IFN-γ, TGF-β1, and IL-6 were reduced [19,20].