It is observed that, in comparison with the control group, the endothelium of apoE-/- mice with S1 or S3 treatment showed less TUNEL positive area and decreased ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 protein level, suggesting S1 and S3 inhibited endothelium injury during atherosclerosis development (Figure 3B–E). Here, VCAM1 is linked to atherosclerosis.