On the other hand, the expression of the IL-22 gene, a cytokine which is downstream of ILC3 and reported to ameliorate liver damage in NAFLD [34,35,36], was significantly decreased in the FFD group compared to the ND group, whereas it was significantly increased in the PHGG group (Supplementary Figure S1H). Here, IL22 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.