NFKB1 and mucositis: This was in agreement with Widjaja et al. [23] and Altman et al. [24] who reported that glutamine decreases the severity of diarrhea and mucositis associated with chemotherapy particularly with high doses via elevation of the lymphocytic count, reduction of gut permeability, changing the inflammatory pathways such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and STAT signaling, augmentation of the defense mechanisms against apoptosis and oxidative stress, and preservation of tight-junction proteins [29,30].