DKK1 and chronic kidney disease: In addition, two recently and intensively studied factors known as sclerostin and Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), which are osteocyte- or osteoblast-derived regulators that affect osteoblast bone formation and vascular calcification through Wnt/β-catenin signalling, were associated with osteoporosis and fractures in CKD patients [9,10,11].