CTLA4 and neoplasm: The unbalanced microbiota, or dysbiosis, induced by antibiotics and immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-CTLA-4 antibody, may led to the development of an immune-compromised tumour microenvironment [21], while Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, and Bifidobacterium improve the response to immunotherapy in mice models [21,274,275].