For both acute and chronic CCM, among the 19 cytokines and chemokines that were evaluated using the multiplexed, high-sensitivity, quantitative cytokine assays, no differences were seen for 10 of them for either acute or chronic CCM: IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17A, IL-27, IL-33 and IFN-γ (Supplemental Figs. 3, 4); the levels of IL-9 were below the detection limit of this system. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and cerebral cavernous malformation.