IL1B and Parkinson disease: While elevated levels of other cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 are also associated with microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases including PD, IL-1β is increased in the brain and CSF of both PD and AD patients51 and in the dopaminergic striatal tissue and cerebrospinal fluid of PD patients51–54.