AKT1 and Insulin resistance: Insulin resistance is regulated by multiple factors under physiological conditions, including insulin, insulin receptor (InsR), insulin receptor substrate (IRS), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), as well as the Akt, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), and AMPK pathways (Sayem et al., 2018; Dimitriadis et al., 2021).