Dyslipidemia can lead to excessive FFAs in plasma (Sekizkardes et al., 2020), thereby weakening PI3K/Akt pathway conduction, increasing reactive oxygen species (ROSs), and increasing endothelin-1 (ET-1) production, which together lead to endothelial dysfunction (Liu et al., 2021; Figure 3D). Here, AKT1 is linked to metabolic syndrome.