82,83 Further work demonstrated that the H. pylori-elicited cytokines IL-8, IL-1β, and TNFα stimulate canine antral G-cells and human antral biopsy fragments to release gastrin.84,85 Colonization of the gastric antrum by H. pylori is known to induce a Th1/Th17 response that coincides with an increase in gastrin secretion and prefaces gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. The gene discussed is GAST; the disease is chronic atrophic gastritis.