IFNG and inflammatory bowel disease: Network of cytokines including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and IL-18, have been reported to regulate mucosal inflammation in colitis, and IL-6, TNF-α are viewed as therapeutic targets in IBD (Neurath, 2014, 2017; Giraldez et al., 2021).