ER stress-associated proteins including pIRE-1/IRE-1 (Figure 9B), cleaved Caspase-12 (Figure 9C), pJNK/JNK (Figure 9D), CHOP (Figure 9E), pyroptosis-related Caspase-1 (Figure 9F), IL-1β (Figure 9G), Beclin-1 (Figure 9H), LC3B (Figure 9I), and apoptosis-related cCaspase-3 (Figure 9J) and PARP (Figure 9K) were significantly (p < 0.05) up-regulated in DM as compared to Con. Here, DDIT3 is linked to diabetes mellitus.