ER stress-associated proteins including pIRE-1/IRE-1 (Figure 5B), Caspase-12 (Figure 5C), pJNK/JNK (Figure 5D), CHOP (Figure 5E), Beclin-1 (Figure 5F), LC3B (Figure 5G), pyroptosis-related Caspase-1 (Figure 5H), IL-1β (Figure 5I) and apoptosis-related Caspase-3 (Figure 5J), except PARP (Figure 5K), were significantly enhanced in DM brains vs. Con brains. This evidence concerns the gene BECN1 and diabetes mellitus.