PRL and hyperprolactinemia: In humans, patients with adenomyosis frequently exhibit hyperprolactinemia [113,133], but one less appreciated result is that the elevated levels of PRL can cause increased pain by promoting nociceptor sensitization through the short isoform of PRLR (RPLR-S) [134,135,136,137,138], the expression of which is also found to be higher in the bovine uterus with adenomyosis [139] and, we can speculate, in humans as well.