SERPINE1 and preeclampsia: Despite our results revealing no differences in PAI-1 levels between HDP and normotensive GDM women, we have demonstrated a link between higher maternal PAI-1 levels and IUGR in women with GDM and HDP, similar to Sheppard et al. [51], who found significantly higher placental PAI-1 levels in IUGR pregnancies with or without preeclampsia.