AKT1 and hereditary clear cell renal cell carcinoma: It appears that renal cell carcinoma can be induced by metabolic changes resulting from numerous mutations within genes which products are involved in the regulation of metabolism, including mutations in the hypoxia pathway as well as the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway [17,18].