FBXO32 and Atrophy: In skeletal muscle, muscle ring finger 1 (MuRF1) and muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx)/atrogin-1 are E3 ubiquitin ligases that are thought to be involved in the ubiquitination of substrates for degradation by the 26S proteasome, wherein increases in these UPS components promote muscle atrophy [83].