CCL2 and diabetic kidney disease: In line with these findings, both soluble TRAIL levels and TRAIL mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were significantly reduced in Chinese patients with diabetic nephropathy in parallel with a significant increase in circulating inflammatory markers such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, TNF-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) [28].