In detail, a retrospective Italian study conducted in a pediatric cohort of children with T1DM, reported a significant decrease in circulating TRAIL levels in patients with new-onset T1DM having ketoacidosis as initial presentation, compared to healthy individuals with or without islet-specific autoantibodies, and also found an inverse correlation between serum TRAIL levels at diagnosis and insulin needs up to 2 years of follow-up [23]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.