CCL2 and inflammatory response: Concerning liver inflammation, the administration of mixtures of probiotic strains effectively decreased the expression (gene or protein) and levels of pro-inflammatory markers and mediators, such as TNFα, myeloperoxidase (MPO), Il-6, Il-12, Il-1 β, interferon γ (Inf-γ), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (Mcp-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) [18,44,45,48,49].