TNF and viral infectious disease: In parallel, there is also the ongoing production of pro-inflammatory agents (i.e., cytokines such as interleukins (IL-10, -8, -6, and -17), chemokines, granulocytes colony stimulating factors (G-CSF), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) due to viral infection and the activation of transcription factors, such as inflammatory complex, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which activate the release of pathogen-associated molecular patterns [5].