Finally, Vpr was shown to interfere with karyopherin-mediated import of NF-kB and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and inhibited cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP)-dependent expression of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), thereby impairing the innate immune response to the incoming infection [82]. This evidence concerns the gene IRF3 and infection.