TGFB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In animal models of brain metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), it was shown that NSCLC-derived exosomes (nanometre-sized EVs that transport proteins, genetic material and other cargo between cells) conditioned by TGF-β1 had increased expression of the long non-coding RNA lnc-MMP2-2 (Figure 2B).