BRAF and cancer: Following treatment with BRAF inhibitors [16,17] or MEK inhibitors [33], mutant BRAF human cancer cells (WM266.4 and SKMEL28) showed an inhibition of hyperpolarized (HP) 13C-pyruvate-lactate exchange, associated with depletion in hexokinase 2 and monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) 1 and 4 [17].