TNF and neoplasm: The TME chemokine and cytokine profile dictates the immune cell localization and can either promote or inhibit tumor development/progression, e.g., activating downstream transcription factors such as STAT, SMAD, AP-1, and NFκB and caspases, and cytokines control the pro- (TNFα, IL-6, IL-7, IL-23) or anti-tumorigenic (IL-12, IFNγ, TRAIL) activities [48].