TNF and ocular melanoma: As seen with cases of dysbiosis in the gut microbiota, RT can also lead to the early expression of inflammatory markers such as TNFα, NF-κB, and IL-1β [70], and the early creation of such an inflammatory environment can cause OM either directly or indirectly by disrupting the oral microbiota, which in turn amplifies inflammation and thereby OM in the oral cavity [71].