TGFB1 and cancer: More recently, Wardhani et al. using a TMEPAI KO TNBC cell model (TMEPAI—Transmembrane prostate androgen-induced protein which involved TGF-β signalling via Smad-dependent and independent mechanisms and has been found highly expressed in a wide number of cancer models, including breast cancer) found that upon TMEPAI KNO, there was a substantial sensitization towards doxorubicin and paclitaxel treatment reducing the IC50 from approximately 12.5 nM in the control to approximately 4 nM for doxorubicin and from ~30 nM to ~12 nM for paclitaxel treatments [199].