These studies may partially explain the findings of Zhang et al., who reported that amongst 180 TNBC patients, TGFβ1 expression was elevated by 37.2% and associated with a higher histologic tumor grade, lymph node status and reduced disease-free survival (hazard ratio 1.796, 95% CI 0.995–3.242, p = 0.052) [189]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.