TSC1 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): The tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is caused by a germline loss-of-function mutations of either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene develops a wide range of tumors in the brain (subependymal giant cell astrocytoma and cerebral cortical tuber), heart (rhabdomyoma), kidney (angiomyolipoma, cyst, and RCC), lung (lymphangioleiomyomatosis), or skin (angiofibroma) [55].