Moreover, M1 macrophages enhance helper T (Th1) adaptive immune responses by enhancing the antigen presentation of the MHC complex and secreting various pro-inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, and IL-23 to promote inflammation, thereby helping to eliminate tumor cells [28]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neoplasm.