CTLA4 and cancer: Since cancers affect the immune system, immunotherapy including vaccines (synthetic ones consist of two elements: antigen and adjuvant), monoclonal antibodies (for the immune checkpoints such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4, CTLA-4; or programmed death-1 protein, PD-1) or adoptive T-cells (a flexible and personalized therapy) can be applied (more details are available in [13,14,15]).