In addition, bile acid from cholestasis promotes accelerated cholangiocyte growth through the activation of growth factors, which increase cell turnover and result in clonal proliferation via oncogenes (e.g., epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), interleukin (IL-6) and tyrosine kinase receptors such as Met (c-MET)). Here, EGFR is linked to cholestasis.