Collectively, these findings strongly indicate that mucociliary dysfunction is a major aetiological factor in IPF and, even though the minor risk allele within the MUC5B promoter will probably remain the most important cause, may have multiple origins including, e.g., dysregulation of epithelial surface hydration properties by NEDD4-2/ENaC. This evidence concerns the gene NEDD4L and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.