PTX-induced memory impairment, which can be prevented by lithium [351], has been related to a decrease in LTP and [154], neurogenesis [351], an increased number of TUNEL-positive neurons, increased expression of TNF-α and IL-1β [352] and can be reduced by the TNF-α synthesis inhibitor thalidomide [353], which indicates that this phenomenon could be related to neuroinflammation [353]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is memory impairment.