GLI3 and pyelonephritis: Additionally, plasmids harboring genes of the pyelonephritis-associated pili (PAP) of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) [42] were detected in three chicken isolates, including one strain of serotype Schwarzengrund with a cluster of nine pap genes including regulatory and structural determinants, a Brancaster strain with the papI and papB regulatory genes without any structural gene, and a Johannesburg isolate with seven structural and accessory genes of the pap fimbriae but without the regulatory genes (Table 4).