In future work, this conclusion could be further tested using subject-level data on hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and AFB1-lys adduct levels, assessing whether raw or HSA-normalized AFB1-lys values better recapitulate the well-established causal relationship between this cancer and AFB1 exposure, or by comparing measured AFB1 intake with raw vs. normalized AFB1-lys values. The gene discussed is ALB; the disease is cancer.