ALB and hepatocellular carcinoma: Other groups have used the second approach, examining differences between HSA-normalized vs. raw AFB1-lys values within associations of AFB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence [16]; however, the investigators utilized HSA precipitation prior to ELISA determination of AFB1-lys adduct levels, such that the total HSA measurement was used for normalization of the assay input.