SOX2 and cancer: Preclinical murine models along with human studies on craniopharyngioma have revealed a higher activation rate of the MAPK/ERK pathway on cancer cells positive to stem cell markers SOX2/SOX9, highlighting the importance of this pathway as an oncogenic driver [44].The BRAF gene mutation is present in 90% of the papillary variant and encodes a kinase with roles in cellular growth and differentiation, its mutation is present in 7% of different cancer types [45].