CD8A and cancer: To accomplish this goal, we (1) created RGD-functionalized scaffolds with controllable RGD densities, (2) confirmed the ability of RGD-modified scaffolds to bind CD8+ T-cells, (3) verified that attached T-cells can be cultured in the presence of unidirectional fluid flow, and (4) identified the effective cancer exosome to T-cell ratio to suppress IL-2 production in both 2D disk cultures and 3D static and 3D flow perfusion cultures.