Previous studies have demonstrated that the use of BNT111 alone or in combination with PD-1 antibody can activate tumor antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and elicit durable immune responses.345,350–352 Additionally, the mRNA cancer vaccine CV9201 developed by CureVac encoding five NSCLC antigens has entered phase I/IIa clinical trials comprising 7 patients with locally advanced NSCLC and 39 patients with metastatic NSCLC. Here, CD4 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.