PDCD1 and neoplasm: Compared to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 monotherapy achieved a higher MPR rate in early-stage NSCLC (7, 13, 14) Radiotherapy has shown enhance immune response through multiple mechanisms, including induction of immunogenic cell death with release of neoantigens, upregulating MHC-I expression, increasing tumor-infiltrating immune cells (15, 16).