NPPB and heart failure: McMillan et al. studied the role of endothelial, renal, and inflammatory biomarkers (such as endothelin, endocan, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), glycated hemoglobin, interleukin-18, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF) in 90 patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (CKD5-HD) [66].