TNF and psoriasis: In a study involving 54 patients with psoriasis and 27 controls, bacterial DNA was detected in the blood of 16 patients with plaque psoriasis but not in any of the controls, levels of inflammatory markers including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF, and IFN-γ were also significantly elevated in all 16 patients (Ramírez-Boscá et al., 2015).