NPPB and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: The results showed that 5, 10, and 15 μg/ml OSA-Exos treatments significantly increased the expression of the fibrotic marker Col1A1 and hypertrophic markers ANP and BNP compared to the 0 μg/ml (control), and the highest level was observed with 10 μg/ml exosomes treatment (Figures 2A,B).