TNF and COVID-19: Our RNA-Seq paper showed that human aortic ECs activated by LysoPC are trans-differentiated into innate immune cells by upregulating EC adhesion molecules, cytokines/chemokines, additional DAMP receptors, MHC molecules (51); co-stimulation receptors and immune checkpoints (57) are upregulated in other ECs stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IFN-γ (57); and a comprehensive list of innate immune regulators (innatome) are significantly upregulated in 28 various types of ECs stimulated by conditional DAMPs and PAMPs including SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) (35).