Exosome SGs at 78 weeks atherosclerotic aortas had functional pathways, namely, oncostatin M signaling, PDGF signaling, type-I diabetes signaling, role of NFAT in regulation of immune response, cell cycle control of chromosomal replication, Th1 pathway, systemic lupus erythematosus in B cell signaling, CD28 signaling in T helper cells, neuroinflammation signaling and PKCθ signaling in T cells. Here, CD28 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.