However, evidence from cancer patients with cachexia has been less clear in showing increased expression of MuRF1, MAFbx and BNIP3 in muscle (Talbert et al., 2019; Gallagher et al., 2012; Bonetto et al., 2013; D'Orlando et al., 2014), arguing for additional models and mechanisms of cancer-induced muscle wasting. Here, BNIP3 is linked to cancer.