TNF and Insulin resistance: Interestingly, TNF-α can induce insulin resistance in mice (Hotamisligil, 1999), and a recent study in flies observed that fat body-secreted Egr targets insulin-producing cells to inhibit the expression of dILPs (Agrawal et al., 2016), indicating a conserved role for TNF-α/Egr signaling in antagonizing insulin/IGF signaling.