INS and cancer: Indeed, insulin resistance has been observed in several animal models of cancer cachexia and in cancer patients, indicating that the dysregulation of insulin signaling might be connected to cancer cachexia (Asp et al., 2010; el Razi Neto et al., 1996; Fearon et al., 2012; Fernandes et al., 1990; Guaitani et al., 1982; Lazarus et al., 1999; Tanaka et al., 1990).